1.Aflatoxin
  Aflatoxin is a metabolic product of fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.Currently,more than 20 species have been isolated,among which Aspergillus flavus B1 has the strongest toxicity.Main contaminated foods:peanuts,peanut oil,and corn.Rice,wheat,and flour are less polluted,while legumes are rarely contaminated.
  Toxicity:causes liver damage,leading to hepatitis,cirrhosis,and liver necrosis,with the strongest ability to induce liver cancer.
  Prevention:Prevent food from becoming moldy and remove mold toxins.
  2.Pesticide residues
  Pesticides include organophosphorus,carbamate,pyrethroids,organochlorine,organoarsenic,organomercury,etc.The most commonly used are organophosphorus pesticides,such as methamidophos,dimethoate,dichlorvos,1059,1605,etc.
  Organophosphorus pesticides are neurotoxic and often cause acute poisoning.
  Chronic organochlorine pesticide poisoning manifests as liver lesions,damage to the blood and nervous system,and can also have an impact on the endocrine,immune,and reproductive functions of humans and animals.Dibromoethane has teratogenic and mutagenic effects on humans and animals.Chloramphenicol poses a potential carcinogenic threat to humans and has carcinogenic effects on animals.
  3.N-nitroso compounds
  N-nitroso compounds mainly include nitrosamines.At present,it is found that the foods with more N-nitroso compounds include smoked fish,cured fish,bacon,ham,pickled pickled Chinese cabbage,beer and stale vegetables.In addition,a certain amount of nitrosamines can also be synthesized in the body,and the stomach may be the main site for the synthesis of nitrosamines in the human body.
  Hazard:N-nitroso compounds can induce a variety of animal tumors.There is evidence that some human tumors may be related to nitrosamines,such as gastric cancer,esophageal cancer,colorectal cancer,bladder cancer cancer and liver cancer.
  4.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds
  Benzo(a)pyrene,a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,was the first environmental carcinogen discovered and has strong carcinogenicity.The sources of pollution in food include:during high-temperature cooking and processing,food undergoes pyrolysis or thermal polymerization reactions;Direct contamination of baked or smoked food using coal,charcoal,and plant fuels;Direct contamination of food by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil,water,and atmosphere;Contamination from engine oil,asphalt,and packaging materials during food processing and storage.Plants and microorganisms synthesize trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
  Harm:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have carcinogenicity,mutagenicity,and reproductive toxicity to animals.For humans,mainly the respiratory tract and skin,it can cause sunburn dermatitis,acne type dermatitis,folliculitis,skin cancer,lung cancer,and stomach cancer.
  5.Toxic metals
  Mainly referring to mercury,cadmium,arsenic,lead,etc.,a portion of toxic metals in food come from the biological enrichment of metal elements by crops;The other part comes from environmental pollution and pollution during food production,processing,storage,and transportation.
  Lead poisoning:can cause acute or chronic toxic damage to multiple systems such as digestion,nerves,hematopoiesis,immunity,and reproduction.
  Mercury poisoning:Metal mercury in food is not easily absorbed by the human body,but microorganisms in the environment can transform low toxic inorganic mercury into highly toxic and easily absorbed methylmercury.Fish and shellfish in mercury contaminated environments contain more methylmercury,and long-term consumption can lead to chronic methylmercury poisoning,manifested as neurological damage,such as Minamata disease.Methylmercury also has teratogenicity and embryonic toxicity.
  Cadmium poisoning:Acute cadmium poisoning can cause nausea,vomiting,abdominal pain,diarrhea,and subsequently lead to symptoms of central nervous system poisoning.Chronic poisoning mainly damages the kidneys,bones,and reproductive system,such as pain disorders.Cadmium also has teratogenic,carcinogenic,and mutagenic effects.
  6.Hangbai block
  The chemical name is formaldehyde sulfite,which has a bleaching effect and is used as a bleaching agent in industry.Due to its significant bleaching and preservative effects on food,sodium permanganate can alter the sensory properties of food(whitening and refreshing),increase toughness,and prolong shelf life.It is often mixed into food by unscrupulous merchants for use.Diaobao blocks decompose into formaldehyde during food processing,which is a cytoplasmic toxin that can cause protein coagulation.Consuming 10 grams can cause death.Long term consumption of food bleached with sodium permanganate can cause damage to the lungs,liver,kidneys,and other organs of the body,while also affecting the central nervous system,leading to insomnia and disrupted circadian rhythms,causing numbness or tremors in the limbs,and even having carcinogenic,teratogenic,and mutagenic effects.